Soccer is no longer considered merely a global sport, but also as
unifying force whose virtues can make an important contribution to society. The
power of Soccer is used as a tool of social and human development, by strengthening
the work of dozens of initiatives around the globe to support local communities
in the area of peace- building, health, social integration, education and more.
The history of Soccer goes parallel to the history of the World, and sometimes
Soccer matches have been more noted for the political significance than for
their sporting importance.
Therefore, when the thirty- two qualified National teams were split in
eight groups for the 1998 France World Cup and announced that the United States
and Iran are in group F, the match between them was mentioned as “The most
politically charged game in World Cup history”.(1) In this regard, many
including the international community, U.S. government and the people of Iran
hoped that this Soccer competition could break the ice between two countries
and begin a new era of friendship and bilateral political relation.
Since Khatami’s so- called election (2) in 1997, the Clinton administration made all sorts of gestures to say they
would like to improve relations. That is why; these efforts were compared to
Ping- Pong diplomacy (3) during Nixon’s presidency that led to restoration of Sino- U.S. relation, which had been cut for more than two
decades.
However, did these efforts really work? There is no doubt that the both
political regimes of China and Iran are totalitarian and have some common similarities, nevertheless do
they have same essence? Have the international community and U.S. government known the true essence and complicated
structure of the Islamic regime after two decades? Moreover, is the Islamic
regime interested like China in 1971 to re-build the political relation with U.S.?
Iran- U.S. relation is full of vicissitudes
through out history. (4) Relations between the two nations began in the
mid-to-late nineteenth century. Initially, while Iran (5) was very wary
of British and Russian colonial interests during the Great Game, the United States was seen as a
more trustworthy Western power, and the Americans Arthur Millspaugh (6) and
Morgan Shuster (7) were even appointed treasurers-general by the Shahs (8) of
the time. Before Millspagh and Shuster, Howard Conklin Baskerville (9) is a
famous and respectful American teacher among Iranian who died fighting for
Iranian democracy. He has been called the "American Lafayette in Iran”. Many Iranian
nationalists revere Baskerville. Schools and streets in Iran have been named
for him (10). During the Second World War, the United Kingdom from the south
and the Red Army of Soviet Union from the north, both U.S. allies, invaded Iran. After the war,
the Red Army did not leave Iran and planed to
separate the province of Azerbaijan from Iran. On 24 April 1952, President Truman sent
Stalin an ultimatum to pull his Army out of Iran and mentioned,
“if you don't get out, we shall come". (11) This positive and friendly
relation between the two Nations and Governments continued until the end of
President Truman’s presidential term. From 1951 to 1953, the people of Iran and the elected
and popular Prime Minister Dr. Mohammad Mosaddegh (12) struggled peacefully and
through International organization for national sovereignty and oil industry Nationalization
against British Oil Company. The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) Established
by the British in the early 20th century, the company shared profits (85% for Britain, and 15% for Iran), but the company
withheld their financial records from the Iranian government. American
President Truman pressed Britain to moderate its
position in the negotiations and not to invade Iran. American
policies created a feeling in Iran that the United States was on
Mosaddegh's side and gave Iran significant
amounts of economic aid. In January
1953, President Harry Truman second term was in its final day and Dwight
Eisenhower, a Republican was about to succeed him. At this time, Churchill, the
British prime minister, convinced the Eisenhower administration that the only
way to control Iran’s oil industry
and confront communist activity in Iran is to overthrown
Mosaddegh’s government. That is why, the MI6 and CIA planned successfully a
coup d'état (13) in summer of 1953 which turned the history of Iran afterwards. The
coup that Iranian cannot forget it, because they believe it stopped the process
of democracy in Iran. It brought
twenty- five years of dictatorship and oppression for the people of Iran, which led to a
revolution that became Islamic. Stephen Kinzer in his book- All the Shahs Men-
(14) argued that the 1953 coup against popular government of Dr. Mohammad Mosaddegh
is the root of Middle East Terror. Nevertheless, the relation between Shah of
Iran and U.S. in these twenty-five
years was glorious and the Shah of Iran was the best U.S. allies in the Middle East.
When Iranians rose up for freedom and justice,
Mullahs and Islamist were the only organized group in that time. Therefore, this
group with support of Marxists who see the Shah as the symbol and
representative of Imperialism in Iran could divert the
freedom Movement of Iranian and that Uprising led to Islamic revolution and the
domination of the Fundamentalists, reactionaries and the lowest social groups
of Iranian. Only a few months later- on November
4, 1979-, a group of young fundamentalists occupied the U.S. embassy in Tehran and 52 Americans
were held hostage for 444 days. Who was behind the scene and who took the
advantages of this crises is still a matter of debate. At first glance, the
people of Iran were the big
loser and the Fundamentalist who eliminated the opponents inside Iran and the
Republican that won the presidential election in U.S. were the winners
(15). At this point, U.S. broke diplomatic
ties with Iran, expelled Iranian
diplomats, banned American exports to Iran and froze Iranian
assets in U.S. From 1981(release
of hostages) to 1997(so- called election in Iran and victory of
Khatami) there are some direct conflicts and some behind the door dialogues between
two countries (16). When Khatami with some twenty million votes became fifth
president of Islamic regime in Iran, many inside and
outside of Iran believed his
promises during his presidential campaign. He promised a political reform and
freedom inside Iran, and to defuse
tension between Iran and the international
community and called for dialogue among civilization (17). In first two years
of his presidency and with great demands of Iranian and especially students and
young generation for Change and freedom, Khatami could take some steps forward
but this process was subverted. In the beginning, U.S administration welcomed
this wind of change in Iran and showed
different attitudes to start negotiation and re- building the broken political
relation with Iran. In this regard,
Sport and especially Wrestling and Soccer were the tools that they hoped could
break the wall of mistrust and begin a new era.
When in December 1997 the draw for the World Cup pulled together the USA
and Iran in Group F, the World experienced different reactions and mostly
positive.
In U.S., the reactions were positive and many who were concerned with Politics
or Soccer welcomed this competition. It was discussed, since with Soccer
neither of country was particularly successful, it protected both countries
from great defeats that might hurt national pride and become humiliating (18). They
compared this competition with Ping- Pong diplomacy which re- builds the China-
U.S. relation. In Iran, there were some different approaches. The common people who believe
strongly in Conspiracy theory said that it was the time for change. They argued
that the invisible hands (including bankers, Oil company owners and secret
Think- Tanks) which control the whole world manipulated the World Cup Draw that
Iran and U.S. play against each other and it would lead to
diplomatic relation. Many including intellectuals, students, women activists,
liberal parties and Exiled Iranian hoped that the competition could help to
break the ice and would start a direct and positive dialogue based on mutual
respect and bilateral interests. The third group was the hardliners including
the leader of the regime- Khamenei. In the beginning they kept quiet and then
started to chant regular slogans against U.S., Imperialisms and western community and mentioned,
“It is the Will of God (!) that the troops of Islam (!) defeat the troops of Satan (!) and
imperialism in the field of Soccer”(19) and promised a glorious victory in
coming June.
On Wednesday,
June 10, 1998 began the 16th FIFA World Cup in Paris (20). Both U.S. and Iran National
Team lost their first matches, therefore the importance of the competition
increased. U.S. Soccer Federation President described the match as “the mother
of all games”. President Bill Clinton sent message to the teams and supported
Soccer Diplomacy. President Clinton had said that the United States and Iranian
Soccer teams, which play each other in the World Cup on Sunday, could help end
the estrangement between two countries. He said Washington wanted a genuine
reconciliation based on mutual understanding. This would require the Iranians
to move away from their support of terrorism and their opposition on the Middle East peace process (21).
Earlier, Iran’s government
welcomed what it called the “positive tone” of an American offer to start a new
relationship; 18 years after diplomatic tie with Islamic Republic were broken.
This response came from the Iranian ambassador to United Nation- Hossein Nejad
Hosseinian- in an Iranian television interview. He said that Iran was now awaiting
"concrete action" from the United States on its proposals.
The ambassador was speaking in reply to the American Secretary of State,
Madeleine Albright, who had offered to explore new ways of improving links with
Iran. In a speech in New York, Mrs. Albright
said it was time to look at the options of bridging the gap between the two
countries(22). American officials said the speech was intended to develop the slight
thaw in relations since moderate President Mohammad Khatami came to power in Iran last August. I
think this was the most conciliatory speech by American Secretary of States and
Iranian official’s response in nearly two decades.
However, this was not the whole story before the
match has started. The leader of Islamic regime made one of the tensions. It
was over the trivial matter of shaking hands. Team A was the U.S. and Team B was Iran, meaning
according to FIFA rules the Iranian Team was due to walk towards the American
before shaking hands. That was until the leader of Islamic regime Khamenei gave
express orders that under no circumstances were the Iranian to walk towards
their American counterparts. The matter was eventually settled but the issue was
one of the matters that indicated in Iran there are
different decision makers and any of them can sabotage other efforts. FIFA had
done its best to keep the politic out of the game on the field, but had no
control over what went on off the field. One of political brush fire (23) broke
out before the match was ugly incident of the France hospitality when
one of the televisions broadcast the movie “Not without my daughter”. This
controversial movie grimly depicted life in Iran under the laws of
religious fundamentalist. The Iranian Soccer Federation has field a protest
with Soccer’s World governing body over the timing of the broadcast. Jalal
Talebi- the head coach of Iran- called the movie “insulting” and accused the
privet French network that broadcast it of deliberately trying to roil
political waters and added, “ In the World Cup, every one speaks of unity, love
and togetherness, and somebody shows this film. Nobody can benefit”. Then off
the pitch an Iraqi- based terrorist organization- Folks mojahedin(24))- bought
7000 tickets with the attempts to hijack the game. However, under strict
instruction, TV camera- men avoided airing the offending protesters. Indeed, it
was the most controversially event in 1998 World Cup. Hugh dauncey and Geoff Hare mentioned in the
book “France and The 1998
world cup” (25) that the security failed for England- Germany, but worked for
Iran- USA. They continued, this match was a major test for security and the
French authorities and Television coverage did the best to prevent the game from
becoming a propaganda event for this specific opponent of the Iranian regime.
(26)
The game itself was surprisingly sportsman like.
Both side presented another with gifts and flowers and stood together for a
photograph before the match kicked off. Iranian intentionally chose white rose
as a symbol of peace in Iran.
Then the Swiss referee blew the whistle for the start of the probably
the most political charged match in the history of World Cup. The game was
everything the Iranians could have hoped for. Ii was a competitive, full-
blooded but fair contest. The new arrangement of Sampson- the U.S. head coach- for this game brought more energy for U.S. to attack, and to put Iran on their heels. Sampson’s all- offence concept
started off well enough, particularly with tree good scoring chances in first
15 minute. However, Iran began to counter-attack. Both teams cancelled each other and the ball
traveled all over the pitch, and suddenly, around the twentieth minute, German
bundesliga forward- Khodadad Azizi- created a dangerous one-on-one moment but
Keller felled Azizi as he was about to enter the U.S. box. Surprisingly, the
man in the middle from Switzerland who had to show Keller a red card remained neutral. Short before the
end of first half, Javad Zarincheh played give-and-go outside the U.S box with
Mahdavikia, carried the ball toward corner and crossed it past U.S sweeper
Thomas Dooley. The ball found the head of midfielder Estili near the penalty
spot, and he flicked a perfectly placed header shot into the upper-left corner
of the goal. Estili ran down the field screaming after the goal. This euphoric
celebration was reminiscent of Tardeli’s (27) when he scored in 1982 World Cup
final. In the second half, the U.S. had to put more pressure to get an equalizer as the
match intensity grew. The Iranians fought hard, stood well in defense, and was
increasingly dangerous on their counter-attacks with their quick strikers. In one of the counter-attack, Mahdavikia ran
onto U.S. field with no one between him and goalkeeper Kasey
Keller. Defender David Regis could not catch Mahdavikia before he entered the
box and fired a shot into the right corner past a diving Keller. Only three
minutes before time the Columbus Crew striker, Brian McBride scored on a diving
header. At the score 2-1 the Iranians were very nervous, and the Americans had
some good chances. Nevertheless, the score held to the end of the match. This
victory was very important for Iran, as it also represented their first World Cup victory
ever. So many Iranians all over the world regarded this game as a way of
regaining due respect.
The reactions to Iran’s victory were very interesting but no one did care about the negative
ones from both sides. President Clinton who was in China at that time, said that the U.S. defeat was very bitter but they beat us in a fair play
(28). Jeff Agoos- the U.S. defender said,” we did more in 90 minutes than the politician do in 20
years”. One who missed the point of the game was Brent Musberger of ABC TV that
proudly proclaimed “Three-nil, American all the way, BABY” before the match and
during it pronounced Iran as “Ear-rrrrrrrrrraan”, said finally,” you beat us in
Soccer, so what? We can still carpet bomb your country in three days”. The
leader of Islamic regime sent message to the people of Iran and repeated the ordinary slogans of the regime’s
leadership in last two decades. However, the Iranians reaction was
extraordinary, feared the Islamic Regime and brought great joy to the streets
in all around the Iran (29). The happiness in unhappy society. The happiness, that kept behind
the closed doors in last two decades. Hundreds of Thousands of young people
partied in the streets in defiance of government warning. It was good excuse
for boys and girls to mix and dance, and in a way, it was political, because it
was a demand for social change. It was the night when nobody slept and the
regime could just watch the explosion of passion and defeat of its cultural
revolution that it has been sought since 1979. It also brought Iranian around
the World altogether. There were a lot of expatriate Iranian all over the world
who hate the regime, nevertheless cheered the National Team.
This match proved the U.S. Administration and the Iranian government
that Sport and especially Soccer could be used as a tool to break the mistruth
wall between to countries. Hence, the two Soccer Confederations agreed to hold
two friendly matches first in California and the in Tehran.
Consequently, in January 2000, U.S. and Iran played before a lively pro-Iranian Rose Bowl crowed
of 50000 in the first meeting on domestic soil. Iran scored the first goal by Mehdi Mahdavikia in the 7th
minute U.S equalized by Chris Armas in
48th minute.
Only a few months later the leader of Islamic regime and his cliques, who
were afraid of powerful demands of social and political change inside Iran, and détente with outside World, disabled the
so-called reformist and moderate Government of Khatami. First, with the tool of
judiciary system, 80 newspapers and magazines were prohibited in only one day
and imprisoned tens of journalists with this Leader’s argument that the Papers
became the enemies’ base in Iran. Then some reformer members of Parliament sentenced
to jail. They even banned some parties whose members had got important roll in
regime since the revolution but disagreed with the dictatorship of the leader.
In this process, the president of regime announced that he had no more
influence, and the Country is controlled by others (he was afraid to mention
whose persons or which organs).
That is why Soccer diplomacy, which many compared with Nixon’s Ping-
Pong diplomacy being forgotten. However, how did work Ping- Pong diplomacy and
did not work Soccer diplomacy? Was it the matter of Sports, diplomatic approaches,
the leadership or the structure of regimes? Nixon’s Administration verses Clinton’s. Mao leadership verses Khamenei!
Since Sport diplomacy may transcend cultural differences and bring
people together, Ping-Pong, Soccer, Wrestling, Boxing and Cricket are examples
that were applied from time to time to serve that goal.
Nixon Administration knew that Mao Zedong was still the most powerful
man in China, supported the Prime Minister- Zhou Enlai- and only some voices in
Communist Party- including Mao’s wife- could interrupt the reconciliation process.
Regarding Iran, Clinton Administration counted too much on President Khatami who won
the election with some twenty million votes that showed the potential of the
society for political reform and even radical change. Nevertheless, they
underestimated two important factors. First were the feeble character of
Khatami and his fear of change that could lead to the collapse of Islamic
regime. Second factor was and still is the roll of leader of the regime- Ali
Khamenei.
From the dawn of the revolution, the leadership of the Islamic regime
has always been afraid to be overthrown whether from the people of Iran or west powers. Because they know that the demand for
freedom, democracy and justice are very much powerful inside Iran and the achievement of these demands in the Islamic
system is impossible. Islam itself is a discriminating religion. It
discriminates non-Moslems in favor of Moslem and woman in favor of man, etc.
Furthermore, in such system, there must be only one legitimate voice and view
to keep such ideological system alive that is totally in contrast with freedom
and democracy. At the same time, they are afraid to be overthrown by western
power and especially U.S government. That is why they should control and when
it is needed eliminate the voices inside; and if they want to normalize and
reconcile the relation with U.S., they ask for security assurance. The Nixon
administration could give China such assurance regarding the conflict matter with Taiwan. The Clinton administration on the other hand, could not offer the regime of Iran such assurances. One reason is the behaviors of the
Islamic regime that violet the international peace and security. Then, the Israel and its powerful lobby’s in U.S. Not only does not Israel agree with the reconciliation of U.S. – Iran, but also request it the U.S. to attack Iran and destroys the Iranian nuclear facilities and its
army bases. In this regard, the Nixon administration left its option open and
could use all options that Clinton’s could not.
In comparison, the new evidence (30) on both sides (U.S. - China) bear
out the shared Realpolitik logic that identified the Soviet Union as the
more serious threat for each of them and reasoned that dampening mutual
hostilities would allow each to concentrate on managing the Soviet’s threat as
well as gaining additional leverage over them. On the contrary, such a question did not apply in the case of Iran.
The diolouge and political relation with U.S. was Taboo both in China and
Iran. Nevertheless, Mao had already redefined the Imperialism toward Soviet as
the “ Socialist Imperialist”. In Iran on the contrary, the definition of
Imperialism remained the same since 1979 and the slogan of “ death to America”
is repeated every Friday in the regime organized ceremony of “Friday pray”(30).
Furthetmore, The nixon administraition applied all possible tools to begin
a new era with China and through which play the “china card” against Moscow
even before the openning(31). On the other hand, The clinton administration
applied the Carot and Stick policy toward Iran; The economic sanction continued
and at the same time it showed various gesture to start negotiation.
The U.S administraion and the Islamic regime always emphesis on pre-
condition to start the direct negotiation. The regime of Iran asked U.S. to
free the Iran’s assets in America and not to interfere in Iran's internal affairs.
U.S. asked Iran to stop the violation of Human Rights in Iran, to stop
supporting the fundamentalist groups like Hamas and to recognize Israeil’s
existance as a country and not violated the peace process between Palestain and Israel.
Finaly, the regime of Iran always needs an enemy to divert all attentions
from mismanagments, coruption, violation of Human Rights, economic crisis and
the poverty in one of the most richest countries in the world. The destructive
weapone of religion as an idealogy that does not accept any reforms and is in
contrast with the powerful and ancient Culture of Iran is getting more and more
insuficient and only an outsider enemy and brutal and continous repression
inside the country can keep this regime in power. Cosequently, which enemy is
more legitimate than U.S. as the symbol of democracy in the world for the
people of Iran and as the symbol of Imperialism, the enemy of Islam and moslems
for the Islamic regime?
By: Nima Nasserabadi
Feb.2013
2)
In the Islamic Republic
of Iran, there is actually any presidential election, but rather there is a
selection. It means that the guardian council, whose members were elected by
the un-elected leader of regime, selects a few candidates and these candidates
can run for the presidency.
3)
http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/olympics/100660.htm & http://www.historyinanhour.com/2011/04/10/ping-pong-diplomacy/ & also Melvin Small, A companion to
Richard Nixon, 2011, Chapter Twenty- tree, Published by Blackwell Publishing
10)
http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Baskerville_tabriz_test/bas_high.html ( Documentary in Persian)
14)
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol48no2/article10.html
- Stephan
Kinzer, All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East
Terror, 2003, published by John Wiley
and son Inc., Hoboken, New jersey
15)
In Iran,
some political organizations and parties condemned the hostage taking, in spite
of the fact that Khomeini (the so- called leader of revolution) supported that.
At the same time, the hostage takers revealed and published hundreds paper of
the U.S. embassy documents and claimed that some opposition figures were in
contacts with U.S. and called them the spies of C.I.A. One of the most famous Iranian
politicians who was imprisoned and is still in Islamic regime prison is the
deputy prime minister Abbas Amir Entezam (http://www.entezam.org/ ).
16)
1986: Revelations emerge of an American deal
to exchange arms for Iranian help in freeing hostages held in Lebanon (The
Iran- Contra Affair): http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/reagan-iran/
.1988: The USS Vincennes mistakenly shoots down an Iran Air flight over the Persian Gulf killing 290
people. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/3/newsid_4678000/4678707.stm
. 1993: The United States
implements a policy toward Iran and Iraq
known as "dual containment" in an effort to isolate both countries
and contain their regional ambitions.
17)
http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9801/07/iran/interview.html . This Khatami’s slogan was in contrast with
Samuel Huntington’s “The clash of Civilization”.
19)
Abrar e Varzeshi, 1997-
Iranian Sport News Paper
22)
The New York Times, Jun
18, A, 1:1
23)
Amy Shipely and Anne
Swardson, The Washington post, Jun 19- C, 8:1,1998
25)
Hugh Dauncey & Geoff
Hare, France and the 1998 World Cup, 1999, Published by Frank Cass London- page
178
26)
It is true that most of
the Iranian is against the Islamic Regime in Iran. But
at the same time, they are strongly opposed this Armed Terrorist Organization
based in Iraq which was supported by former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hossein.
27)
Jomhouri- Eslami, June
1998- Iranian News paper
28)
The New York Times, Jun 21, 1998, VIII, 1:1
29)
Melvin Small, A
companion to Richard Nixon, 2011, Chapter Twenty- tree, Published by Blackwell
Publishing
31)
Dexter Perkins, The Diplomacy of new
Age, 1967, Indiana University Press, Published by Bloomington and London
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